All graphs or maps tell a story. They use figures, dates or colours to help viewers understand the meaning and impact of the information presented. You will have to use the graphical elements, context and your personal knowledge to pinpoint the emerging trends.

IIdentifying and describing

1 Types of graphs and maps

To describe accurately the distinct elements of visual data, start by identifying the type of map or graph presented. There are various types of graphs: line graphs show how something changes over time; bar charts compare different aspects; pie charts show how an aspect is divided into different parts or sectors.

Similarly, maps can be of different kinds. Physical maps highlight geographical natural features. Political maps focus on borders. Economic maps point to economic activity and natural resources. Population maps show population density in different areas.

2 Gathering information

Focus on the date (if relevant), the source (paying a particular attention to its reliability), then the name of the author.

In order to determine the content of this document first try to decipher what the title and key (or legend) tell you. Then focus on axes, labels or the colours of the map to gather more information, for example, graduating colour schemes (from darker to lighter shades) highlight a progression from lower to higher values. Then describe the main aspects emphasised by the graph or the map and finally pay attention to any major changes and / or differences.

IIInterpreting and concluding

You must determine trends and explain the relationship between and among the various items as well as the reasons for the changes and / or differences you have noticed. Considering the background (current events, history…) enables you to shed light on the main points or aspects you get from the chart or map.

Thanks to the results of your analysis, you must explain and specify what they tell you about the topic. Try to answer these questions: What are the map or graph showing? What is its aim? Can you notice any form of bias?

IIIChoosing the right words

1 Dealing with an evolution

2 Comparing and explaining

Describing trends, differences, or stages requires the use of comparison structure words and phrases, link words as well as comparatives and superlatives.

Key words to express similarity: similarly, likewise, equally, alike, identical…

Similarly, the employment opportunities are equally diverse.

Key words to contrast: unlike, in comparison with, contrary to, though, even though, different from, whereas, while, and yet…

In comparison with Scotland, Wales voted to leave the EU.

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Deciphering a map or a graph